How to Become a Registered Nurse
To learn how to become a registered nurse, you must understand that it is a multi-step regulatory process. It requires completing an accredited nursing program, passing the national licensure examination, and meeting the specific requirements set by your state board of nursing. Because nursing is regulated at the state level, the exact rules for licensure vary depending on where you intend to practice. You must satisfy the requirements of the jurisdiction where you seek your initial license before you can legally work as an RN.
RN Education Requirements: ADN vs. BSN
The first step in your journey involves completing a nursing program approved by a state board of nursing. There are two primary academic routes to entry-level practice. While both qualify you to take the licensure exam, they differ in curriculum focus and employer preference. It is important to distinguish between legal requirements for licensure, which typically accept either degree, and professional recommendations from employers, who may prefer a BSN for specific clinical roles.
| Feature | Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) | Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) |
|---|---|---|
| Typical Duration | 2 to 3 years | 4 years |
| Focus | Clinical skills and technical proficiency | Clinical skills, leadership, research, and public health |
| Employer Preference | Accepted in many clinical settings | Often preferred or required by Magnet-designated hospitals |
While an ADN is the minimum requirement for initial licensure in most states, many healthcare employers prioritize candidates with a BSN. If you choose to start with an ADN, you may eventually pursue an RN-to-BSN bridge program to advance your career. Regardless of the degree, ensure your program is accredited, as this is a fundamental requirement for board eligibility.
Steps to Become a Registered Nurse
The steps to become a registered nurse are standardized by the need for objective verification of your competency. After graduating from your program, you must navigate the formal process to practice legally.
1. Apply to Your State Board of Nursing
You must submit an application for licensure by examination to the board of nursing in the state where you plan to work. This application typically requires proof of graduation from an approved nursing program and payment of a non-refundable fee. Because licensure is state-specific, you must verify the exact documentation required by your specific board.
2. Register for the NCLEX-RN
Once your board of nursing deems you eligible, you must register for the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN). This exam uses the Next Generation NCLEX (NGN) format, which assesses your clinical judgment and decision-making skills through various question types, including case studies. The NCLEX-RN is the standard examination for registered nurse licensure in the United States.
3. Complete Background Checks
Most states require a criminal background check as part of the application. This may involve fingerprinting and the submission of sensitive personal data to state and federal databases to ensure you meet the legal character requirements for licensure.
4. Receive Authorization to Test (ATT)
After your board of nursing confirms your eligibility and you register with the testing service, you will receive an Authorization to Test (ATT). You cannot schedule your exam date until you have this document in hand.
The Registered Nurse Licensure Process
The registered nurse licensure process is designed to protect the public. The state board of nursing acts as the final authority on whether you are granted a license. If you are moving to a new state, you may be eligible for licensure by endorsement, provided you already hold an active, unencumbered license in another jurisdiction. For those living in states that participate in the Nurse Licensure Compact (NLC), you may be able to practice in other compact states using a single multistate license.
Post-Licensure: Maintaining Your License
Once you are licensed, you must maintain your credential to continue practicing. This involves renewing your license according to the schedule set by your state board of nursing, which often includes completing a specific number of contact hours or continuing education (CE) credits. Requirements vary significantly by state; always verify your specific state’s rules to ensure your documentation remains compliant.
Your Path to RN Licensure Checklist
- Verify that your nursing program is approved by the state board of nursing.
- Submit your application for licensure by examination to the board.
- Register for the NCLEX-RN with the testing service.
- Complete the required state and federal background checks.
- Receive your ATT and schedule your exam date.
- Pass the NCLEX-RN to earn your license.
Navigating Licensure Challenges: NCLEX-RN Outcomes and Mobility
Understanding the regulatory environment is critical when you are learning how to become a registered nurse. Many candidates express concern regarding the potential for failure on the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN). If you do not pass on your first attempt, you will receive a Candidate Performance Report (CPR). This document provides a breakdown of your performance across the various test plan categories, which can help you identify areas for improvement. You must wait for the required retesting period—determined by your specific state board of nursing—before you can register to retake the exam. Most boards allow multiple attempts, but some jurisdictions impose limits on the number of times you can sit for the exam within a certain timeframe.
For nurses who are already licensed, the process of moving to a new state is known as licensure by endorsement. If you hold an active, unencumbered license in a state that is part of the Nurse Licensure Compact (NLC), your multistate license allows you to practice in other compact states without obtaining additional licenses. If you are moving from a non-compact state or to a non-compact state, you must apply for licensure by endorsement directly through the board of nursing in the state where you intend to practice. This process typically requires verification of your original license and may involve additional background checks or jurisprudence examinations.
The Role of the State Board of Nursing
The state board of nursing is the primary regulatory body responsible for protecting public health and safety. Every step in the registered nurse licensure process is overseen by this entity. The board is responsible for approving nursing education programs, setting the standards for initial licensure, and enforcing the nurse practice act in that jurisdiction. Because the board holds the authority to issue, renew, and revoke nursing licenses, it is the most reliable source for information regarding your specific requirements.
When you are preparing your application, the board will verify that you have met all educational and character requirements. This includes confirming your graduation from an accredited program and ensuring you have completed any mandatory state-specific coursework. If you have questions about your eligibility, such as how a past criminal record might impact your ability to obtain a license, you should contact the board directly. Relying on unofficial sources can lead to misinformation, as requirements can shift based on legislative changes or updates to the state nurse practice act.
Requirement vs. Recommendation: A Strategic View
Distinguishing between what is legally required to work and what is preferred by employers is a key part of your professional planning. While the board of nursing defines the minimum threshold for practice, healthcare facilities often set higher internal standards for hiring. The following table illustrates these differences to help you manage your career expectations.
| Feature | Requirement (Board of Nursing) | Recommendation (Employer/Facility) |
|---|---|---|
| Education | Completion of an approved ADN or BSN program | BSN often required for Magnet hospitals |
| Certification | None for initial entry-level licensure | Specialty certifications (e.g., CCRN, CEN) |
| Continuing Education | Varies by state for license renewal | Advanced certifications or clinical ladder programs |
| Clinical Experience | Clinical rotations during nursing school | 1–2 years of acute care experience |
By focusing on these regulatory realities rather than generic career advice, you can better prepare for the actual demands of the profession. Always prioritize meeting the mandatory board requirements first, as these are the non-negotiable foundations of your ability to legally practice as an RN.
Next Steps in Your Nursing Career
After securing your RN license, you may consider further specialization or advanced practice. For those interested in primary care or specialized clinical roles, learning how to become a nurse practitioner is a common next step. Always focus on meeting the regulatory requirements of your current state first, as these rules form the foundation of your professional practice. You may also explore hospice nurse certification or school nurse certification to further define your professional path.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long does it take to become an RN?
The duration depends on your educational path. An Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) typically takes two to three years, while a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) usually takes four years. After graduation, you must also account for the time required for the state board to process your application and for you to schedule and pass the NCLEX-RN.
Is the NCLEX-RN the same for every state?
Yes, the NCLEX-RN is a national examination developed by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). While the exam content is standardized across the United States, each state board of nursing sets its own specific eligibility requirements and application procedures for initial licensure.
Can I work as a nurse while waiting for my license?
In most cases, you cannot practice as a registered nurse until your license has been officially issued by the state board of nursing. Some states may offer temporary permits for new graduates, but these are subject to strict limitations and vary by jurisdiction. You must check with your state board of nursing for their specific policy on temporary practice.
What happens if I fail the NCLEX-RN?
If you do not pass the NCLEX-RN, you will receive a candidate performance report that indicates your areas of weakness. You are eligible to retake the exam after a waiting period determined by your state board of nursing. You must re-register with the testing service and pay the required fees for each subsequent attempt.
What is the difference between an ADN and a BSN?
An ADN focuses primarily on clinical skills and technical proficiency, typically requiring 2 to 3 years to complete. A BSN is a 4-year degree that includes broader training in leadership, research, and public health. While both qualify you for initial licensure, a BSN is often preferred or required by employers for career advancement or specific clinical settings.
About This Article
Written by the Nurse CE Hub Editorial Team. We base state requirements and certification details on official board of nursing and certifying-organization sources, linked within the article.
Rules and fees can change. Confirm current requirements with your state board of nursing or certifying organization before you renew or apply. This article is general information, not legal or professional advice. How we research our content
